Glasshouses

Glasshouses, commonly called greenhouses, are structures whose primary purpose is to cultivate and protect plants by providing a controlled climate. The outer envelope is typically glass or other transparent glazing set in a frame of wood, iron, or metal, allowing solar radiation to enter while reducing heat loss. They range from small backyard structures to large commercial facilities, and may include heating, ventilation, shading, and irrigation systems.

The concept developed in Europe from the 16th century onward, with early glasshouses built to grow exotic and culinary plants. The term orangery was used for larger citrus houses, and by the 19th century, iron and plate-glass greenhouses became emblematic of public gardens and affluent estates, particularly in the Victorian era. Modern glasshouses employ a variety of materials and technologies, including energy-efficient glazing and automated climate-control systems.

Design and function emphasize extending the growing season, protecting delicate species, and creating a stable microclimate. Heating methods have evolved from coal-fired boilers to gas, oil, and electric systems, while ventilation and shading help manage temperature and humidity. Advances in glazing, insulation, and automation have improved efficiency and crop yields in commercial settings and expanded options for hobbyists.

Common configurations include freestanding greenhouses, lean-to structures attached to buildings, and conservatories that blend horticultural space with living areas. Maintenance involves replacing damaged panes, preserving frames, managing condensation and pests, and updating equipment to meet energy and environmental standards.