Gingiva

Gingiva, commonly referred to as gum tissue, is the part of the oral mucosa that surrounds the teeth and covers the alveolar bone. It consists of two main portions: the free (marginal) gingiva, which forms the gingival sulcus around each tooth, and the attached gingiva, which is tightly bound to the underlying cementum and periosteum of the alveolar bone. The gingival margin defines the boundary with the tooth crown, and the interdental papilla fills the space between adjacent teeth.

Healthy gingiva is firm and resilient; color ranges from pale pink to coral, and some individuals exhibit surface stippling. The gingival sulcus depth in a healthy mouth is about 1 to 3 mm. The attached gingiva is continuous with the mucosa of the alveolar mucosa and provides a stable, keratinized seal around the tooth.

Histology: The gingival epithelium is stratified squamous and, in the free and attached gingiva, typically keratinized. Beneath it lies connective tissue (lamina propria) rich in collagen fibers that insert into cementum via connective tissue fibers such as dentogingival and circular fibers. The gingiva is supplied by branches of local arteries and is innervated for general sensation.

Function: The gingiva protects underlying periodontal structures by forming a tight seal around the tooth, contributes to periodontal stability, and participates in immune defense against oral bacteria.

Clinical relevance: Inflammation of the gingiva (gingivitis) is usually plaque-induced and reversible with improved hygiene. If inflammation extends to the supporting tissues, periodontitis can develop, potentially leading to attachment loss and bone resorption. Recession, hyperplasia, or trauma may alter gingival form. Management emphasizes plaque control, professional cleaning, and, when indicated, surgical procedures or grafting to restore form and function.