Geotécnica

Geotécnica is the branch of civil engineering that deals with the engineering behavior of earth materials. It involves the application of the principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to the design of foundations, retaining walls, slopes, tunnels, dams, and other structures that interact with the ground. The primary goal of geotécnica is to ensure the stability and safety of these structures by understanding and managing the properties of soil and rock.

The field of geotécnica encompasses several key areas of study. Soil mechanics focuses on the behavior of soils under stress and strain, including their strength, compressibility, and permeability. Rock mechanics, on the other hand, examines the behavior of rock masses, considering factors like fracturing, weathering, and the presence of discontinuities. Geotechnical engineers use a variety of methods to investigate subsurface conditions, such as boreholes, in-situ testing, and laboratory testing of soil and rock samples. These investigations help determine the physical and mechanical properties of the ground, which are crucial for design.

Common applications of geotécnica include the design of shallow and deep foundations for buildings and bridges, the analysis and stabilization of natural and man-made slopes to prevent landslides, the design of earth-retaining structures like retaining walls and bulkheads, and the construction of tunnels and underground excavations. Geotechnical engineers also play a vital role in assessing seismic hazards and designing structures to withstand earthquakes. The principles of geotécnica are essential for sustainable development, ensuring that construction projects are environmentally sound and safe.