GTF2F1

GTF2F1 is the gene encoding the alpha subunit of transcription factor IIF (TFIIF), a component of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery in eukaryotes. In humans the encoded protein is known as RAP74 and forms a functional heterodimer with RAP30, which is encoded by GTF2F2. The TFIIF complex participates in the formation of the transcription preinitiation complex at RNA polymerase II promoters, helping recruit Pol II to promoter DNA and stabilizing interactions among Pol II, TFIIB, and TBP within the complex. By facilitating proper assembly of the preinitiation complex and assisting promoter escape, RAP74 contributes to efficient transcription initiation and regulation of transcriptional output.

GTF2F1 is evolutionarily conserved and broadly expressed across tissues. The RAP74 subunit contains regions that mediate protein–protein interactions with other general transcription factors and with Pol II, allowing it to serve as a bridge between Pol II and the core promoter recognition machinery. The exact contributions of TFIIF to promoter melting and pausing can vary with promoter context, but the complex is generally viewed as essential for effective transcription initiation and for suppressing nonproductive DNA binding by Pol II.

Research on GTF2F1 and TFIIF has contributed to a broader understanding of transcription initiation mechanisms in eukaryotes. While disruptions of transcription factor components can perturb gene expression programs with potential developmental or disease consequences, the specific roles and clinical relevance of GTF2F1 continue to be explored in cellular and animal models.