Fázor

A fázor (plural: fázorok or fázorok) is a graphical representation used in electrical engineering and physics to simplify the analysis of sinusoidal waveforms, particularly in alternating current (AC) circuits. The term originates from the Hungarian word *fázis*, meaning "phase," reflecting its role in visualizing phase relationships between signals.

In AC analysis, voltages and currents are typically expressed as sinusoidal functions of time, characterized by amplitude, frequency, and phase angle. A fázor abstracts these quantities into phasors, which are complex numbers plotted on a complex plane. The horizontal axis represents the real (in-phase) component, while the vertical axis represents the imaginary (quadrature) component. The magnitude of the phasor corresponds to the amplitude of the waveform, and its angle from the horizontal axis denotes the phase shift relative to a reference signal.

Fázor diagrams are particularly useful for visualizing phase differences between multiple waveforms, such as in RLC circuits (resistors, inductors, and capacitors). By converting time-domain sinusoids into phasors, engineers can apply algebraic rules to determine quantities like impedance, admittance, and power factor more intuitively. This method simplifies complex calculations, especially in steady-state AC analysis.

The concept of fázorok extends beyond electrical engineering, appearing in mechanical vibrations, signal processing, and control systems where phase relationships are critical. While fázor diagrams are most commonly associated with sinusoidal steady-state analysis, they provide an efficient tool for understanding dynamic behavior in linear systems. Their use remains foundational in both academic studies and practical applications in electrical power systems and communications technology.