Fröer

Fröer are the reproductive units of seed plants, formed after fertilization and capable of producing a new plant under suitable conditions. They enable the propagation of many plant species and can be dispersed over short or long distances to colonize new areas.

A seed typically comprises three main parts: an embryo, which will develop into the new plant; nutritive tissue (endosperm or cotyledons) that nourishes the embryo during germination; and a protective outer layer called the seed coat (testa). The arrangement and presence of nutritive tissue vary among plant groups, influencing how seeds germinate and establish.

Seeds differ in their tolerance to drying and storage, leading to two broad categories. Orthodox seeds tolerate desiccation and can be dried and stored for extended periods at low moisture and cool temperatures. Recalcitrant seeds are sensitive to drying and have limited storage life. Many species exhibit dormancy, requiring environmental cues such as stratification (cold exposure), scarification (physical or chemical scar), or specific light and temperature conditions to break dormancy and permit germination.

Dispersal mechanisms—wind, water, animals, and mechanical ejection—spread seeds away from the parent plant, promoting species distribution and genetic diversification. Germination begins with imbibition, the uptake of water, followed by oxygen access and suitable temperature and moisture. The emerging radicle anchors the seed, and the shoot develops to form a seedling.

In agriculture, forestry, and ecology, seeds are central to reproduction, cultivation, and ecosystem restoration. Seed quality is evaluated by germination tests and vigor assessments, and storage guidelines (low moisture, cool temperatures, pest protection) help maintain viability. Seed banks and certification systems support biodiversity and reliable crop production.