Fraktura

Fraktura is a term used in several languages to denote a fracture, a break in a bone or other hard tissue. In medical contexts it describes disruption of bone continuity caused by trauma, overuse, or disease that weakens bone structure.

Fractures are categorized in multiple ways. Open (compound) fractures have a break in the skin and a higher risk of infection; closed (simple) fractures do not. Displaced fractures involve misalignment, while non-displaced fractures maintain alignment. Patterns include transverse, oblique, spiral, and comminuted fractures; greenstick fractures occur mainly in children as partial breaks of one side of the bone.

Diagnosis combines clinical assessment with imaging. Typical signs are pain, swelling, deformity, and inability to bear weight or use the limb. X-ray is the standard initial test; CT is used for complex anatomy; MRI helps assess soft tissue injury.

Treatment aims to restore alignment and function. Initial care includes splinting and pain control; antibiotics and tetanus prophylaxis for open fractures; assessment of neurovascular status. Nonoperative management uses immobilization with a cast or brace. Operative treatment may involve reduction and internal fixation (plates, screws, intramedullary nails) or external fixation, depending on fracture type and soft tissue conditions. Rehabilitation and gradual load-bearing follow fixation.

Complications can include nonunion or malunion, infection (especially in open fractures), vascular or nerve injury, compartment syndrome, and stiffness or post-traumatic arthritis.

Prognosis varies by age, bone involved, fracture pattern, and treatment quality. Healing typically spans weeks to months; children heal faster than adults, who may require longer rehabilitation.

Etymology: In several languages the word fraktura is a cognate of “fracture” and is used in medical literature to denote bone breaks.