Fortepiano

Fortepiano is the early form of the piano, developed in the 18th century as an evolution of the harpsichord. The instrument was designed to produce both soft and loud dynamics by striking strings with hammers, a mechanism invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori in Italy around 1700. The term fortepiano comes from the Italian pianoforte meaning soft-loud, reflecting its dynamic range.

Construction and range: Fortepianos typically featured a lighter wooden frame rather than the robust iron-frame construction of later pianos. Early models offered about four to five octaves; later Viennese and English designs expanded to five to six octaves. The action used leather-covered hammers and a form of escapement that permitted repeated notes, yielding a more immediate but less sustained tone than the modern piano.

Tone and use: The fortepiano’s tone is bright and percussive with quick decay, better suited to intimate chamber music. It was favored by composers of the Classical period, including Haydn, Mozart, and the early works of Beethoven, and served as the principal keyboard instrument in many households and courts of the time.

Decline and revival: By the mid- to late-19th century, the fortepiano was largely supplanted by the modern piano with iron frames, stronger strings, longer range, and more elaborate pedal systems. A revival of historical performance practice in the 20th century led to renewed interest in fortepianos and the creation of contemporary replicas by makers such as Walter, Streicher, Silbermann, Broadwood, and Erard.