late19th
The late nineteenth century, roughly from the 1870s to 1900, was a period of rapid change as the Second Industrial Revolution deepened, cities expanded, and global powers competed for markets and colonies. Economically, the era shifted toward electricity, chemical industries, and mass production, with innovations such as the telephone (1876) and electric lighting (1879). Steel production improved, transportation networks expanded, and consumer goods like bicycles and typewriters entered common use. Large corporations and modern financial systems began to shape national economies and international trade.
Politically and geopolitically, this period saw the reconfiguration of Europe’s states and empires. The unification of
Society and culture experienced marked urbanization as people moved to cities for factory work. Labor movements
The late nineteenth century left a lasting legacy by accelerating industrial growth, expanding global connectivity, and