Forensís

Forensís is a term used in some languages to denote forensic science, the systematic application of scientific methods to questions arising in law. It encompasses the collection, preservation, analysis, and interpretation of evidence from crime scenes, laboratories, and digital devices, with the results presented in legal settings. The name derives from the Latin forensis, meaning "of the forum" or courtroom.

Disciplines within forensís include pathology and clinical forensic medicine; toxicology; biology and DNA analysis; trace evidence such as fibers, glass, and soil; firearms and toolmark examination; digital forensics; odontology; anthropology; and document examination.

Procedures typically involve crime scene investigation, chain of custody, proper documentation, sampling protocols, laboratory testing, and the preparation of expert reports and testimony.

Legal framework: admissibility of forensic evidence is governed by standards that vary by jurisdiction, such as Daubert or Frye in the United States, and by local rules elsewhere. Limitations include potential error, contamination, bias, and the need for qualified interpretation.

Education and practice: professionals usually hold degrees in forensic science or a related field, with specializations and professional certification or accreditation required or preferred by employers and courts.

History and impact: while elements of forensic methods have existed for centuries, modern forensic science expanded with advances in microscopy, chemistry, serology, DNA analysis, and digital techniques, transforming investigative practices and courtroom proceedings.

See also: Forensic anthropology, Forensic pathology, Digital forensics.