Fluorihydrokarbonits

Fluorihydrokarbonits, known in English as fluorohydrocarbons, are organic compounds in which fluorine atoms replace one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons. They range from partially fluorinated (polyfluorinated) to fully fluorinated species, called perfluorocarbons. The defining feature is the carbon–fluorine bond, which is among the strongest in organic chemistry and largely governs their stability and properties. Commercial fluorohydrocarbons may also contain other halogens, and blends can be formulated for specific uses. For example, some formulations are chlorine-containing (such as HCFCs) while others are chlorine-free (such as many HFCs).

Fluorohydrocarbons can be aliphatic or aromatic and may vary in volatility and polarity. Their physical properties are influenced by the strong C–F bonds, often resulting in high thermal stability, chemical inertness, and distinctive boiling points. Many are hydrophobic and lipophobic, and they tend to persist in the environment because they resist biodegradation. Some fluorohydrocarbons can photochemically degrade to other fluorinated compounds or, under high temperatures, yield corrosive or toxic byproducts such as hydrogen fluoride.

Applications for fluorohydrocarbons are broad. They are used as refrigerants and blowing agents, solvents for specialized cleaning and electronics manufacturing, lubricants, and precursors for advanced materials. They are produced through various fluorination methods, including direct fluorination of hydrocarbons, substitution reactions, and electrochemical fluorination, to achieve precise fluorination patterns for a given application.

Environmental and regulatory considerations are important, as many fluorohydrocarbons are persistent and can have high global warming potentials. Regulation and market shifts have driven the development of lower-GWP alternatives, such as hydrofluoroolefins, and ongoing efforts to manage environmental impact and safety.