FlashSpeicherchips

FlashSpeicherchips, commonly known simply as flash memory chips, are a class of non-volatile storage devices that retain data after power is removed. They store information in floating-gate transistors or charge-trap cells and are erased and rewritten electrically.

Two main architectures exist: NOR flash provides random-access read/write at the level of individual bytes and is typically used for code storage and small data; NAND flash is denser and organized in blocks and pages, making it suitable for mass storage devices such as USB drives and SSDs.

Memory cells endure finite program/erase cycles. Endurance ratings and data retention depend on cell type (SLC, MLC, TLC, QLC) and manufacturing process. Wear leveling, bad-block management, and error correction (ECC) are commonly used in devices to extend life and reliability.

Technology has advanced from two-dimensional (planar) flash to three-dimensional (3D NAND), stacking memory cells vertically to increase density and reduce cost per bit.

Applications include solid-state drives, USB flash drives, memory cards, and embedded storage in consumer electronics, automotive, and industrial equipment. NAND flash is the dominant technology for high-capacity storage; NOR is still used where fast random access is needed.

Interfaces include SPI, parallel, or advanced controllers; flash memory is accessed in blocks (erase blocks) and pages; wear leveling and garbage collection are used in devices such as SSDs.

Manufacturers include Samsung, Micron, Toshiba/Kioxia, Intel, SK Hynix, and Western Digital, among others.