Firefighting

Firefighting is the occupation and activity of extinguishing fires, rescuing people and property, and preventing further harm. It is conducted by fire departments and trained personnel who may respond to fires and other emergencies such as vehicle crashes, medical incidents, hazardous materials, and natural disasters. They work to protect life and property, control fire spread, and reduce environmental impact.

History of firefighting includes roots in ancient civilizations and medieval bucket brigades. Municipal fire services began developing in the 17th to 19th centuries, often funded by cities or guilds. The 19th and 20th centuries saw advances such as steam engines, motorized apparatus, protective clothing, breathing apparatus, radios, and standardized incident management. Modern firefighting emphasizes risk assessment, teamwork, and public safety.

Organization and training typically involve departments that may be municipal, regional, or volunteer. Personnel include firefighters, lieutenants, captains, and chiefs. Training covers firefighting techniques, rescue, fire prevention, emergency medical response, hazardous materials, and specialized teams. Certification and standards are set by national or regional bodies; incidents use the incident command system or similar structures. Mutual aid agreements help extend capacity during large events.

Methods and equipment center on fire suppression, which relies on cooling, smothering, and removing fuel, along with ventilation and search-and-rescue. Water supply management is essential, with foams and inhibitors used in some situations. Equipment includes fire engines, ladder trucks, pumps, hoses, nozzles, personal protective equipment such as helmets and turnout gear, self-contained breathing apparatus, forcible-entry tools, and rescue gear. Specializations include wildland firefighting, urban search and rescue, and hazardous materials response.

Prevention and public safety efforts focus on fire prevention programs, building inspections, code enforcement, and public education about smoke and carbon monoxide detectors. Fire investigations determine origin and cause, while risk reduction is pursued through building design, materials, codes, and community planning.