Filosofij

Filosofij, commonly translated as philosophy, is the systematic study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It seeks to clarify concepts, evaluate arguments, and examine assumptions that underlie science and everyday life. The term derives from Greek philos, love, and sophia, wisdom.

Historically, filosofia emerged in ancient civilizations and was developed by Greek thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. In the medieval period it interfaced with theology, with figures like Augustine and Aquinas. The modern era introduced methodological innovation through Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, followed by empiricists such as Locke, Berkeley, and Hume, and Kant’s synthesis. In the 19th and 20th centuries, philosophy diversified into analytic and continental traditions, giving rise to numerous subfields and schools of thought. Contemporary philosophy engages with science, politics, technology, and culture, often crossing disciplinary boundaries.

Major branches include metaphysics (questions about reality and existence), epistemology (the nature and scope of knowledge), ethics (moral values and conduct), aesthetics (art and beauty), and logic (principles of valid reasoning). Subfields encompass philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, philosophy of language, political philosophy, philosophy of religion, and applied areas like bioethics, environmental ethics, and AI ethics.

Filosofij contributes to critical thinking, serves as a foundation for rigorous argument, and informs public discourse, education, and policy. While it does not provide a fixed set of facts, it aims to clarify problems, test ideas, and illuminate diverse perspectives through careful reasoning and dialogue.