Filmformers

Filmformers are substances that form a continuous, dry film on a substrate after application and solvent evaporation. They are used to provide protection, adhesion, barrier properties, gloss, and mechanical strength in coatings, cosmetics, adhesives, and packaging.

Common filmformers include polymeric dispersions and resins such as waterborne acrylics and polyurethanes, vinyl polymers, and solventborne resins like alkyds and epoxies. Natural filmformers such as shellac and rosin derivatives are used in niche applications, while waxes can act as thin-film formers in cosmetics and coatings.

Film formation depends on molecular weight, film-forming temperature, particle coalescence, and drying behavior. When the vehicle dries, droplets coalesce into a continuous film, whose properties—adhesion to the substrate, elasticity, hardness, and barrier performance—are determined by the polymer chemistry and additives.

Applications include protective and decorative coatings for wood, metal, and plastics; packaging coatings; inks and textiles; cosmetics such as nail polishes and mascaras; and sealants and adhesives.

Formulation challenges involve compatibility with pigments and fillers, solvent or water content, drying conditions, and environmental impact. Regulatory considerations apply to cosmetics, food-contact materials, and coatings, with attention to volatile organic compound content and safety data.

Industry trends favor lower-VOC, waterborne systems and the use of bio-based filmformers that balance performance with sustainability.