Feedlots

Feedlots are specialized facilities where livestock are housed and fed a controlled, high-energy diet to achieve rapid weight gain before slaughter. They are most common for cattle in many countries, but are also used for pigs and other livestock, with cattle feedlots representing the largest segment of intensive finishing operations. In these facilities, animals are received, acclimated if needed, and kept in pens or lots where they receive a steady supply of feed, water, and care through a defined finishing period.

Operations and feeding practices typically focus on efficiency. Diets are grain-based and optimized for rapid growth, commonly incorporating corn, barley, sorghum, and protein sources, along with vitamins and minerals. Feed is delivered through bunk lines or automated systems, and daily intake is adjusted according to weight, age, and health status. Management also includes biosecurity measures, regular health monitoring, and all-in/all-out planning to reduce disease risk. Finishing periods generally last several months, during which animals are transitioned to the final market weight.

Economics in feedlots are driven by feed costs, animal prices, and feed conversion efficiency. The primary expense is the diet, so improvements in intake efficiency and growth rate can influence profitability. Environmental and welfare considerations are prominent in public discussions and regulation, including manure management, odor and water quality concerns, air emissions, space and welfare standards, and compliance with local laws and industry guidelines.

Geographically, feedlots are used worldwide, with regulatory frameworks varying by country and region. They operate within broader production systems that integrate with cattle markets, slaughter facilities, and agricultural supply chains.