Evaporativebased

Evaporativebased is an umbrella term used to describe processes and systems whose primary mechanism is the evaporation of a liquid. In cooling contexts, evaporation absorbs latent heat from a surface, lowering its temperature; in desalination and water purification, evaporation is used to remove water from a feed solution, with the vapor later condensed to recover purified water.

Mechanism: Evaporation occurs at liquid–air interfaces or within porous media. The rate of evaporation depends on the vapor pressure difference between liquid and air, the temperature, ambient humidity, airflow, and the exposed surface area. Evaporation provides cooling without relying on mechanical compressors, by transferring energy as latent heat.

Applications: Evaporative cooling is used in buildings and data centers, in cooling towers and evaporative condensers, and in some industrial processes. In water treatment, evaporative-based approaches include humidification–dehumidification cycles and solar stills, where solar heat drives evaporation to produce freshwater. Spray ponds and thermal evaporation ponds also exploit this principle where suitable water management is possible.

Advantages and limitations: The main advantage is relatively low energy consumption compared with vapor-compression refrigeration and the absence of ozone-depleting refrigerants. It performs best in hot and dry climates and can be simpler and cheaper to maintain. Limitations include dependence on ambient humidity, which reduces effectiveness in humid regions; added indoor or process humidity; water consumption and mineral scaling; and potential corrosion or fouling in contact structures.

See also: evaporative cooling, humidification–dehumidification desalination, cooling tower, solar still.