Eucharistie

The Eucharistie, also called the Eucharist or Holy Communion, is a central Christian sacrament traditionally understood as the meal of thanksgiving instituted by Jesus at the Last Supper. The term derives from the Greek eucharistia, meaning “thanksgiving.” It is celebrated in nearly all Christian communities in liturgical forms that emphasize praise, thanksgiving, and communal meal.

In most traditions, bread is consecrated and wine distributed to the participants. In Catholic theology, the elements become the body and blood of Christ through transubstantiation; in many Eastern Orthodox churches, the real presence is affirmed as a mystery; in Anglican and many Lutheran communities there is emphasis on real presence, while some Reformed churches view the rite primarily as a memorial or spiritual presence. The rite is usually presided over by an ordained minister, such as a priest or bishop, though practice varies and some communities permit lay participation.

The Eucharist is considered the culmination of Christian worship and a sign of unity among believers. It commemorates Jesus’ Last Supper and his sacrificial death. In Catholicism it is described as the “source and summit” of the Christian life, while other traditions stress thanksgiving, proclamation (the Word), and communal fellowship.

Historical development: from early apostolic practice to formalized liturgies; key milestones include the early Church Fathers, the medieval emphasis on transubstantiation, the Council of Trent reaffirmation, and the post-Vatican II renewal emphasizing participation, ecumenism, and liturgical participation.

Practices vary: frequency of celebration ranges from daily to weekly to monthly; many traditions require fasting before reception; reverence is shown with kneeling, genuflection, or bowing; adoration of the Blessed Sacrament is practiced in Catholic and Orthodox contexts. The Eucharist remains a central axis of ecumenical dialogue and diverse ecclesial identities.