Envenatsioonid

Envenation refers to the process by which venom is injected into a living organism by a venomous animal. This occurs through specialized delivery mechanisms, such as fangs, stingers, or spines, which are designed to introduce toxins into the victim's body. The venom itself is a complex cocktail of biologically active molecules, primarily proteins and enzymes, that have evolved to incapacitate prey, defend against predators, or aid in digestion. The effects of envenation vary widely depending on the species of animal, the type and amount of venom injected, and the susceptibility of the victim. Reactions can range from localized pain, swelling, and tissue damage to systemic effects like paralysis, respiratory distress, cardiovascular collapse, or blood clotting disorders. Many envenomations are not life-threatening to humans, but some, such as those from certain snakes, spiders, scorpions, and marine creatures, can be medically significant and require prompt antivenom treatment. The study of envenomation and the development of antivenoms are crucial aspects of toxicology and emergency medicine.