Energioverskudd

Energioverskudd, Norwegian for energy surplus, refers to a state in which energy intake from food and drink exceeds the body's energy expenditure for basal metabolism, physical activity, and thermogenesis. It is a central concept in nutrition and physiology and is contrasted with energiunderskudd (negative energy balance).

In practical terms, the surplus energy is stored by the body, primarily as adipose tissue, with additional potential for lean-tissue gain during growth or recovery from illness. The magnitude and duration of the surplus determine the rate of weight gain. Short-term, modest surpluses can be offset by increased activity or metabolic adjustments, while long-term excess tends to promote weight gain and changes in body composition.

Health implications depend on the size, duration, and context of the surplus. Persistent energy surplus is associated with overweight and obesity, insulin resistance, and higher risk of metabolic disorders. Conversely, short-term or moderate surpluses may be compatible with healthy weight management when accompanied by balanced nutrition and activity. Dietary planning often aims to align intake with energy expenditure to maintain a stable body weight.

Measurement of energy surplus relies on the energy balance equation: energy intake minus energy expenditure equals change in energy stores. Energy intake is usually expressed in kilocalories (kcal) or kilojoules (kJ), while expenditure encompasses basal metabolic rate, thermic effects of food, physical activity, and adaptive thermogenesis.

Energioverskudd can also arise in broader energy systems discussions, where a surplus of produced energy relative to demand enables storage or export, such as in electricity grids with excess generation at peak production.