Emaille

Emaille refers to a vitreous coating that is fused to a substrate, usually metal or ceramic, to provide color, a smooth surface, and protection against corrosion. The term is used in several languages, including German and French, and corresponds to what English speakers typically call enamel. Enamel coatings can be found on cookware, jewelry, decorative objects, and architectural elements, as well as on ceramic glazes.

The coating is made from fritted glass powders, mixed with pigments. These powders are applied in layers, either as a slurry or as a dry powder, and then fired at high temperatures in a kiln. The heat fuses the glass to the substrate, forming a hard, durable surface that can be glossy or matte depending on composition and firing conditions. The process requires careful preparation of the substrate to prevent cracking and adhesion problems. Different techniques and designs, such as cloisonné, champlevé, and painted enamel, reflect historical and regional practices in enameling.

Historically, enameling has ancient origins and reached high art forms in medieval and early modern times. It developed into a major craft in Europe and Asia, with techniques evolving from functional enamelware to fine art jewelry and decorative objects. In modern manufacture, enamel remains important for cookware and industrial coatings, while artisans continue to work with enamel as a decorative medium.

Care and safety practices emphasize avoiding harsh abrasives, using nonreactive cleaners, and ensuring that consumer enamelware meets lead-free standards. Modern enamel glazes are designed to be non-toxic and durable for everyday use.