Eltéréselemzés

Eltéréselemzés is the systematic examination of deviations between observed values and reference, target, or specification values. The aim is to quantify how far measurements or outcomes diverge from expected performance, identify patterns, and support decision making in quality control, engineering, and data analysis.

Core concepts include absolute deviation (|observed − reference|), signed deviation (observed − reference) and relative deviation (percent of reference). Analysts use statistical methods to assess whether deviations are likely due to random variation or indicate bias or faulty processes. Common tools are descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and residual analysis in regression. In manufacturing and process control, control charts and tolerance analyses help monitor and limit deviations over time.

Applications span production quality, product design, maintenance planning, and scientific research. A typical workflow involves collecting measurements, calculating deviations from the target, aggregating results, and diagnosing the sources of significant deviations, often via root cause analysis, Pareto sorting of nonconformities, or Ishikawa diagrams.

Limitations must be considered, including measurement error, sampling bias, and the assumption that deviations are stationary or normally distributed. Effective eltéréselemzés relies on reliable data and clear specification values, and it should lead to corrective actions that reduce variation and improve compliance.