Earwax

Earwax, or cerumen, is a waxy substance produced in the external auditory canal by ceruminous and sebaceous glands. In humans it is typically a viscous material that ranges in color from yellow to brown and includes secretions, shed skin cells, and environmental debris. Cerumen is generally self-cleansing: the ear canal naturally moves cerumen toward the outer ear through jaw movement and skin turnover, after which it can be washed away.

Functions of earwax include lubrication and protection of the ear canal, waterproofing the skin, trapping dust and particles, and contributing to a mildly antimicrobial environment via lipids and other compounds. Its physical properties help to expel foreign matter and reduce the risk of infection in the canal.

Two major types of cerumen exist in humans: wet and dry. Wet cerumen is more common in people of African and European ancestry, while dry cerumen is more common in East Asian populations; this variation is linked to genetic differences in ABCC11. The appearance and consistency can vary from light and flaky to sticky and dark, influenced by hydration, age, and environment.

Most individuals do not require routine cerumen removal. Problems arise when accumulation occludes the canal, causing decreased hearing, fullness, tinnitus, or discomfort. Removal should be performed by a healthcare professional if there is pain, drainage, perforation, or signs of infection. Common methods include softening drops, irrigation, suction, or instrument-assisted removal. Self-cleaning with cotton swabs or sharp objects is discouraged, as it can injure the ear canal or eardrum.