EGD

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, abbreviated EGD and also called upper endoscopy, is a medical procedure used to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the duodenum. It employs a flexible endoscope equipped with a camera and light, which is inserted through the mouth and advanced down the upper digestive tract. In addition to visualization, the procedure allows targeted biopsies, removal of polyps, dilation of narrowed areas, and treatment of certain sources of bleeding.

Indications for EGD include evaluation of persistent dyspepsia or heartburn, difficulty swallowing, or chest pain with potential GI causes; investigation of GI bleeding or anemia; detection and biopsy of suspected ulcers, gastritis, celiac disease, or inflammatory conditions; and surveillance or management of known conditions such as Barrett’s esophagus or gastric cancers. It may also be used to retrieve foreign bodies or to perform therapeutic interventions such as hemostasis or dilation.

Preparation typically involves fasting for several hours prior to the procedure; a review of medications and allergies is usual. Most EGDs are performed with sedation or anesthesia to minimize discomfort. Afterward, patients may experience a sore throat or mild bloating and are usually advised not to drive for a short period.

Risks are generally low but can include sore throat, bleeding, infection, perforation, and reactions to sedation. Contraindications or cautions include significant cardiorespiratory instability, uncorrected coagulopathy, or other conditions where the procedure would pose excessive risk. Alternatives to EGD include imaging studies, though these do not permit biopsies or immediate therapeutic intervention.