Dysplázia

Dysplázia, or dysplasia, is a term used in medicine to describe abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs in which the maturation process is disturbed. The word originates from Greek roots meaning “bad formation.” In pathology, dysplasia refers to disordered cellular architecture with cytologic abnormalities, such as variation in cell size and shape, increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, hyperchromasia, and loss of uniformity.

Dysplasia is often described as a precancerous condition, though its significance depends on the tissue involved and the grade. Lesions are commonly categorized as low-grade or high-grade, with high-grade dysplasia having a higher risk of progression to invasive cancer if not managed. Dysplasia may be focal or widespread within the affected epithelium or tissue.

Common sites where dysplasia is monitored include the cervix, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin. Cervical dysplasia, diagnosed as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 1–3), is frequently detected through screening tests such as cytology and HPV testing. Risk factors vary by site and include persistent oncogenic HPV infection for cervical dysplasia, tobacco use, chronic inflammation, and prior radiation or chemical exposure.

Diagnosis relies on tissue sampling and histological examination; screening and surveillance strategies help determine whether intervention is needed. Management depends on the grade and site and may include observation for low-grade lesions or procedures to remove or ablate dysplastic tissue (e.g., excisional or ablative therapies). Etiologic treatment, such as HPV vaccination and risk factor modification, can reduce progression risk. Prognosis is variable; many dysplasias regress, while high-grade lesions require careful follow-up due to cancer risk.