Dysmenorroe

Dysmenorroe, also known as dysmenorrhea, refers to recurrent pelvic or abdominal cramps that occur during the menstrual period. It is a common condition affecting people who menstruate and can range from mild discomfort to severe pain that impairs daily activities.

Dysmenorroe is classified as primary or secondary. Primary dysmenorroe describes cramping without an identifiable pelvic pathology and typically begins within the first years after menarche. Secondary dysmenorroe results from an underlying gynecologic condition such as endometriosis, fibroids, adenomyosis, or pelvic inflammatory disease.

Pain is usually crampy and located in the lower abdomen, often radiating to the back or thighs. Onset is typically with or just before the onset of menses and lasts 1–3 days. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, and fatigue may occur.

Primary dysmenorroe is thought to arise from increased production of uterine prostaglandins, leading to intensified uterine contractions and reduced blood flow. Secondary dysmenorroe is due to identifiable conditions that irritate or disrupt pelvic organs.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on history and physical examination. Imaging or referral may be considered if pain is atypical, persistent, or suggests a secondary cause (for example, heavy bleeding, irregular cycles, or signs of pelvic disease).

First-line treatment for most cases is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) taken with onset of symptoms, which reduce prostaglandin production. Hormonal contraception can suppress ovulation and menstrual bleeding to relieve pain. Nonpharmacologic measures include heat, regular exercise, and adequate hydration.

Most individuals experience improvement with age or after childbirth. Persistent or severe dysmenorrhoea may require specialist evaluation to identify or treat an underlying condition.