Dubbing

Dubbing is the post-production process of replacing original dialogue in a film, television program, or video game with dialogue in a different language. The new dialogue is recorded by voice actors and synchronized to the on-screen lip movements and actions. Dubbing is a form of localization and is distinct from subtitles, which convey dialogue in the original audio track without altering it, and from voiceover, where narration is added over the existing track.

The dubbing workflow generally includes translating and adapting the script to fit the target language while matching the timing and lip movements, a task sometimes described as lip-flap adaptation. It also involves casting, directing performances, recording in a studio, and mixing the dialogue with music and sound effects. In some cases, additional ADR may be performed in the new language to improve intelligibility or to replace lines after shooting.

Historically, synchronized dubbing emerged with the advent of sound film in the late 1920s and became common in many non-English markets during the mid-20th century, especially in Europe and Latin America. Variations exist by region in voice casting, performance style, and localization conventions. With the growth of streaming platforms, rapid or simultaneous dubs, sometimes called simuldubs, have become more common for international releases.

Quality considerations include lip-sync accuracy, vocal matching to characters, acting quality, and faithful yet culturally appropriate localization of names and cultural references. Dubbing can expand accessibility and audience reach but may also alter the perceived performances or tone of the original.