Dryness

Dryness is the state of reduced moisture or dampness in a person, object, or environment. It can affect skin and mucous membranes, eyes, air, and soils, as well as plants and foods, and is a common clinical and ecological concern.

In humans, dryness may arise from dehydration, aging, chronic conditions, medications, or environmental factors. Diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome, diabetes, and eczema can contribute to mucosal dryness. Low ambient humidity, air-conditioning, wind, and heating indoors increase moisture loss.

Symptoms depend on the affected tissue: dry skin may become rough, flaky, itchy, or cracked; dry eyes can feel gritty, burn, or red; dry mouth and throat cause thirst and a sticky sensation; nasal and vaginal dryness can cause irritation or discomfort; in plants, dryness leads to wilting, brown tips, and reduced growth.

Diagnosis relies on history and examination; specific tests include tear film tests for dry eye, saliva or mucosal assessments, and laboratory tests to identify underlying diseases.

Management aims to restore moisture and alleviate symptoms. Skin dryness responds to emollients and moisturizers; ocular dryness to artificial tears or gels; nasal and throat dryness to humidified air and hydration; vaginal dryness to lubricants or hormonal or non-hormonal therapies as appropriate; treating underlying conditions is important. In plant care, adequate irrigation, mulching, and soil moisture monitoring prevent drought stress.

Prevention focuses on avoiding excessive moisture loss, using humidifiers in dry indoor environments, drinking adequate fluids, and protecting surfaces or tissues from irritants. Seek medical advice if dryness is persistent, severe, or accompanied by pain, vision changes, fever, or signs of infection.