Donghaks

The Donghak movement, meaning "Eastern Learning," was a Korean peasant and intellectual movement that emerged in the mid-19th century. It was founded by Choe Je-u in 1860 in response to the growing social and political unrest in Korea, which was experiencing internal corruption and increasing foreign pressure. Donghak's ideology was a syncretic blend of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Shamanism, emphasizing spiritual equality, social justice, and Korean nationalism.

Choe Je-u preached that humans were inherently divine and that salvation could be achieved through self-cultivation and living a virtuous life. The movement advocated for the abolition of the rigid social hierarchy, the expulsion of foreign influences, and a return to traditional Korean values. Its message resonated deeply with the peasantry, who were burdened by heavy taxes and social discrimination.

The Donghak movement grew rapidly, attracting a large following among farmers and the lower classes. Its activities were often viewed with suspicion by the Joseon government, which saw it as a threat to its authority and a source of potential rebellion. In 1864, Choe Je-u was arrested and executed, but the movement continued under new leaders, most notably Choe Si-hyeong.

The Donghak Rebellion of 1894 was a major turning point. Driven by grievances against corrupt officials and foreign interference, Donghak followers launched a widespread uprising. While initially successful, the rebellion was eventually suppressed by a combined force of Joseon government troops and Chinese armies. The rebellion, however, had significant consequences, contributing to the First Sino-Japanese War and further weakening the Joseon dynasty, ultimately paving the way for Japanese colonization. The ideals of Donghak continued to influence Korean nationalist movements in the 20th century.