DockingPorts

DockingPorts are standardized interfaces on spacecraft, space stations, and related infrastructure that enable the rendezvous and mating of two vehicles in space. A docking port provides mechanical latching, a pressure seal, and electrical and data connectors, along with guidance features that allow either autonomous or crewed docking, crew transfer, and the exchange of cargo and resources.

There are two broad classes of docking interfaces. Docking ports are designed to mate with a corresponding port through active capture latches and a sealing interface, forming an airtight connection and a unified spacecraft. Berthing ports, by contrast, require the physical movement of one hull to contact another, after which a robotic arm or other mechanism closes the seal and may attach a hatch or door; berthing is commonly used for attaching modules or payloads that are not intended for autonomous docking.

Design considerations for DockingPorts include alignment tolerances, seal integrity, load-bearing capacity, redundancy, and the sequence of mating operations. Systems typically feature multiple latching points, alignment guides, and integrated power, data, and communication connectors to facilitate rapid, safe, and reliable connections. Safety mechanisms address potential misalignment, seal failure, or depressurization during transfer.

Standards such as the International Docking System Standard (IDSS) define a common docking interface to enable cross-vehicle compatibility, while individual space agencies maintain their own implementations. DockingPorts are employed in crewed and uncrewed missions for station assembly, cargo delivery, vehicle interchange, and future exploratory missions that require modular, interconnected spacecraft.