Distros

Linux distributions, or distros, are complete operating systems built on the Linux kernel. They combine the kernel with system software, libraries, and a package-management system, along with a bootloader and init system. Distros include a default set of applications and configurations and are designed for various uses, including desktops, servers, embedded devices, and specialized environments such as security or privacy-focused setups.

Package management and release strategy distinguish distros. A centralized package manager installs and updates software from repositories and handles dependencies. Common managers include APT (Debian/Ubuntu), DNF (Fedora/RHEL), and pacman (Arch). Release models vary: fixed releases with long-term support (Debian, Ubuntu LTS) and rolling releases (Arch, Manjaro) continuously deliver updates.

Notable distros span general-purpose and specialization. Debian and its derivatives form a broad base; Ubuntu emphasizes ease of use; Fedora emphasizes upstream innovation; Red Hat Enterprise Linux, AlmaLinux, and Rocky Linux target enterprise stability; Arch Linux and Manjaro offer flexibility. Security-focused distros include Kali Linux; education and privacy-oriented variants exist as well.

Governance ranges from community-driven projects to corporate-backed efforts. Distros are distributed as installable media, live sessions, or container images, and may offer different desktop environments and hardware profiles. The term distros is commonly used to describe the wider Linux-based ecosystem of distributions.