Distributionsnettet

Distributionsnettet, or the distribution network, is the part of the electrical grid that delivers electricity from regional transmission networks to end users such as homes, businesses, and public services. It typically operates at medium and low voltage levels and includes a network of distribution substations, feeders, transformers, cables and overhead lines, as well as protection, control, and monitoring equipment. The distribution network is usually owned and operated by distribution system operators (DSOs), which coordinate with the transmission system operator (TSO) to ensure safe and reliable delivery of power.

Key functions of the distribution network include voltage regulation to match customer needs, fault isolation and rapid service restoration after outages, and overall reliability management. The network also accommodates the growing integration of distributed energy resources (DER) such as rooftop solar, small wind turbines, home batteries, and electric vehicles, and enables demand-side management and smart-grid applications. When new customers or equipment connect to the grid, DSOs assess and implement the connection according to standards and safety rules.

Regulation and governance of the distributionsnettet are typically carried out by national or regional energy authorities and regulatory bodies. Tariffs and network charges are set to cover operating costs, investments, and required reliability targets, while grid codes and technical standards govern interoperability and safety.

Challenges facing the distribution network include aging infrastructure, the rising share of DER, increasing peak demand, and the need for modernization through grid automation, resiliency measures, cybersecurity, and better data analytics. The distribution network remains essential for daily life, underpinning reliable electricity supply and the transition to a more flexible and sustainable energy system.