Diskriminaation

Diskriminaation refers to the unfair or unequal treatment of individuals or groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, religion, disability, or other perceived attributes. It can occur in many settings, including employment, housing, education, and access to goods and services, and may result from deliberate actions or from policies that disadvantage certain groups.

Discrimination is commonly categorized as direct discrimination, where a person is treated less favorably for a protected characteristic, and indirect discrimination, where neutral rules or practices disproportionately harm a group. Intersectionality describes how multiple identities can compound disadvantage. The scope and definitions of protected characteristics vary by jurisdiction.

Protected characteristics typically include race, color, ethnicity, national origin, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, age, disability, pregnancy, and marital status. In some regions, caste, language, or immigration status are also protected.

Legal responses include constitutional guarantees of equality, anti-discrimination laws in employment and housing, and human rights treaties. Enforcement may be carried out by courts, commissions, or ombudspersons, with remedies such as damages, injunctions, or policy changes. Public and private institutions may adopt affirmative action, accessibility improvements, and bias-reduction programs to prevent discrimination.

Discrimination can arise from individual prejudice, structural bias in institutions, or widespread social norms. Its impacts include reduced opportunities, economic hardship, social exclusion, and poorer health outcomes. Addressing Diskriminaation requires combining legal protections with education, awareness, and inclusive practices to promote equal treatment.