Discariche

Discariche is the Italian term for landfills or dumpsites, facilities used to dispose of solid waste on land. They range from informal open dumps to engineered facilities designed to contain refuse and minimize environmental impact. In policy and planning contexts, discariche are contrasted with recycling, composting, and energy recovery options.

Design and operation: Modern discariche employ liners such as clay or synthetic materials, leachate collection and treatment systems, and daily or periodic cover. They also feature systems to capture landfill gas, mainly methane, for venting or energy use. Waste is managed through compaction and controlled placement, along with monitoring to prevent releases to soil, groundwater, and air.

Environmental risks: Leachate can contaminate groundwater and surface water, while methane and other gases contribute to air pollution and climate change. Odors, vectors, and nuisance can affect nearby communities. Proper siting, operation, and post-closure care mitigate these risks, including groundwater monitoring wells and long-term stewardship.

Regulation and policy: In the European Union, the Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) and national laws regulate licensing, performance standards, and a gradual reduction of landfilling in favor of recycling, composting, and energy recovery. Many countries require waste to meet acceptance criteria and implement closeout plans.

Trends and challenges: Globally, there is a shift away from open dumps toward engineered landfills with environmental controls. Old sites are sometimes closed or remediated, and some facilities exploit landfill gas for energy. In developing regions, uncontrolled dumps persist, posing health and environmental risks until improvements are implemented.