Deno

Deno is a modern, runtime execution environment for JavaScript and TypeScript developed by the Deno Foundation. Released in 2020, it was created by Ryan Dahl, the original creator of Node.js, with the goal of addressing several limitations and concerns associated with the Node.js ecosystem. Deno aims to provide a more secure, standardized, and feature-rich alternative for running JavaScript and TypeScript applications.

One of the key features of Deno is its built-in support for TypeScript, which simplifies the development process by eliminating the need for separate compilation steps. It also includes a comprehensive standard library that provides access to a wide range of system-level APIs, such as file system operations, networking, and environment variables, without requiring additional dependencies.

Security is a major focus in Deno. By default, Deno restricts access to the filesystem and network, requiring explicit permissions via the `--allow-*` flags. This approach helps mitigate common vulnerabilities found in other runtimes. Additionally, Deno uses the WebAssembly (Wasm) runtime, which enhances performance and provides a consistent execution environment across different platforms.

Deno supports modular imports, similar to ES Modules, and integrates seamlessly with modern web standards like the Fetch API and WebSockets. It also includes built-in tools for development, such as a built-in HTTP server, a built-in test runner, and a CLI for managing projects.

The runtime is cross-platform, supporting Linux, macOS, and Windows, and it includes a package manager called `deno install` for managing dependencies. Deno also encourages the use of the `deno task` command to define build scripts and workflows, streamlining project setup and execution.

While Deno has gained popularity for its security and modern features, it has also faced some criticism for its learning curve and the lack of a large ecosystem compared to Node.js. However, its growing community and continuous development suggest it is a viable option for developers seeking a more secure and standardized runtime environment.