Delta9Tetrahydrocannabinol

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9tetrahydrocannabinol) is the principal psychoactive constituent of the Cannabis genus and one of the most studied cannabinoids. Its chemical formula is C21H30O2, and it is commonly described as the trans isomer of tetrahydrocannabinol. It occurs naturally in the resin of cannabis flowers, especially in Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica, and can also be produced synthetically for research and pharmaceutical use.

Pharmacology and effects: delta9tetrahydrocannabinol acts as a partial agonist at the cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the central nervous system and at CB2 receptors in the periphery. Activation of CB1 receptors underlies most of its psychoactive effects, including euphoria, altered perception, analgesia, and appetite stimulation. It is lipophilic, with inhaled forms producing rapid onset and oral forms taking longer. It is metabolized in the liver to 11-hydroxy-THC (active) and then to carboxy-THC (inactive); excretion is mainly via feces and urine. Potency and effects can be influenced by the accompanying cannabinoid profile.

Medical and regulatory status: delta9tetrahydrocannabinol has been used medicinally for nausea and vomiting, anorexia, and pain in various conditions. Synthetic cannabinoids such as dronabinol and nabilone are approved in several jurisdictions. Legal status varies widely, ranging from illegal at the federal level in some countries to prescription-only or recreationally legal in others; many places regulate cannabis products containing Δ9-THC.

Safety considerations: Short-term effects include euphoria, impaired memory and coordination, anxiety, or paranoia. Chronic use can lead to tolerance and dependence, with withdrawal possible upon cessation. Psychiatric reactions may occur, particularly at high doses or in individuals with preexisting risk factors.