Damaskus

Damaskus, known in English as Damascus, is the capital and largest city of Syria. It lies in the southwestern part of the country along the Barada River, within the Ghouta oasis near the Anti-Lebanon Mountains. The city has a hot, arid climate with very hot summers and mild, wetter winters. It serves as Syria’s administrative, cultural, and economic center.

Damaskus is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, with evidence of settlement dating to the 2nd millennium BCE. It has been a major urban hub under several civilizations, including the Aramaeans, Romans, and Byzantines. In 661 CE the Umayyad Caliphate established its capital there, making Damaskus a key center of early Islamic rule and culture; the Umayyad Mosque is among the largest and most significant religious structures of its era.

Within its ancient core, the Old City preserves landmarks such as the Umayyad Mosque, the Azem Palace, the Citadel of Damascus, and historic markets and narrow lanes. The area was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979 as part of the Ancient City of Damascus. The Straight Street (Via Recta) connects the mosque to other historic quarters and gates.

Today Damaskus remains Syria’s political capital and a major urban economy, hosting government ministries, universities, and a range of industries and services. Since 2011 the city has suffered extensive disruption and damage during the Syrian Civil War, affecting cultural heritage and civilian life, with ongoing reconstruction and humanitarian needs.

Demographically, the city hosts a diverse mix of communities reflecting Syria’s religious and ethnic tapestry. Its transport network includes road connections, rail links to other parts of the country, and Damascus International Airport nearby, supporting commerce and travel.