DNP

2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a nitroaromatic compound used as an industrial chemical and, historically, as a weight‑loss agent. Chemically, it consists of a phenol ring with two nitro groups at the 2 and 4 positions, making it reactive and toxic. In industry, DNP has been employed as an intermediate in dye manufacturing, wood treatments, and certain pesticides, and it can appear as a laboratory reagent.

Biologically, DNP acts as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, disrupting the link between electron transport and ATP production and increasing metabolic rate. This can raise heat production and energy expenditure, which explains its past appeal for weight loss. However, the same mechanism carries the risk of severe hyperthermia and organ damage, even at relatively small doses.

Safety and regulatory status are major concerns. DNP is tightly restricted or illegal for human use in many countries. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned its marketing as a weight‑loss drug in 1938 after fatalities, and many jurisdictions prohibit selling DNP for consumption. Today, it may still be available as a laboratory or industrial chemical, but handling requires appropriate safety precautions due to its toxicity and potential hazards.

Health risks from exposure include hyperthermia, tachycardia, dehydration, dizziness, kidney and liver injury, and death. Because of its narrow safety margin and potential for serious harm, authorities discourage its use for weight loss and emphasize safe handling for legitimate industrial or research purposes.