Crutch

A crutch is a mobility aid used to support the body after leg injuries or surgery or in conditions that make weight-bearing difficult. It transfers some body weight from the leg to the upper limbs, helping maintain balance and assist walking. The two most common forms are axillary (underarm) crutches and forearm (Lofstrand) crutches; both are designed to keep the patient mobile while reducing load on the affected leg.

Most crutches consist of a rigid shaft with a padded top under the armpit, an adjustable handgrip, and a rubber foot tip. Materials range from traditional wood to modern aluminum or carbon fiber. Correct height is essential: the top should rest under the armpit with the elbow flexed about 20–30 degrees, and the handgrip should align roughly with hip height so weight can be borne through the hands. Padding and tip condition affect comfort and safety.

Fitting is ideally done by a clinician or trained therapist. Common gait patterns include a three-point gait, where both crutches and the injured leg advance while the uninjured leg bears most weight, and a four-point gait, which alternates weight through each point more gradually. Users should advance slowly, avoid leaning on the axillary pad, and keep the body upright.

Safety considerations include risk of nerve or tissue injury from improper fit, especially compression of the axillary region, and skin irritation under the armpit. Worn tips or loose joints can increase the risk of slips. Regular inspection, proper maintenance, and professional instruction are advised.

History and variants: Crutches have been used since ancient times in various civilizations. Forearm crutches are preferred for long-term use due to lighter weight and greater elbow support. Alternatives for mobility include canes, walkers, and braces, selected based on injury, rehabilitation phase, and clinician recommendation.