Cranes

Cranes are the common name for two distinct groups: large birds in the family Gruidae and machines used for lifting heavy loads. Despite sharing a name, the two forms are unrelated in biology and function.

Cranes (birds) are tall, long-legged birds with long necks and, in many species, elaborate plumage and a colored crown. They inhabit wetlands, grasslands, and agricultural areas across most continents. Cranes are usually migratory, feeding on plant matter, seeds, and small animals. They are known for courtship displays that include dance-like movements such as bowing and jumping. Many species form long-term pairs and defend territories during the breeding season. Habitat loss, pollution, and hunting threaten several crane species; the whooping crane and red-crowned crane are among those with notable conservation concerns.

Cranes (machines) are devices that lift and move heavy loads using a hoist, wire rope or chain, and a system of pulleys, hydraulics, and counterweights. They vary in size and configuration, including tower cranes used in tall buildings, mobile cranes mounted on trucks or crawlers, overhead cranes in factories, and gantry or harbour cranes. Lifting capacity ranges from a few tons to hundreds of tons, with reach and height determined by design. Safe operation relies on proper rigging, weight calculations, operator training, and safety features such as outriggers and load limit devices. The modern crane evolved from ancient mechanisms that used pulleys and levers, progressing through steam-powered and electric-driven variants.