ConLang

A constructed language, or conlang, is a language whose phonology, grammar, and vocabulary are deliberately designed rather than emerging naturally. The term combines constructed and language. Conlangs may be created for communication, linguistic experimentation, or fictional worlds, and range from fully developed languages with extensive grammars and lexicons to smaller systems built for games or stories.

The modern conlang movement began in the late 19th century with Esperanto, created by L. L. Zamenhof in 1887 as an international auxiliary language. Earlier efforts like Volapük followed. Since then, categories have diversified: international auxiliary languages intended for global use; artistic or fictional languages for literature and media; and engineered or logical languages that explore theoretical ideas. Notable examples include Loglan and Lojban; Tolkien’s Quenya and Sindarin; Klingon; Dothraki and Valyrian; Na’vi. Some aim for naturalistic plausibility, others for logical rigor or artistic effect.

Construction typically involves phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon design, plus a writing system. Designers document their language in grammars and dictionaries, and often produce sample texts. Conlangs can be intended for ease of learning, cultural flavor, or strict internal consistency, and may be studied academically or used in storytelling.

Conlanging is a hobby and field with online communities, publications, and conferences. While some conlangs gain devoted communities or media presence, most remain niche. The activity highlights creativity, documentation, and linguistic experimentation, and continues to influence popular media and theoretical linguistics.