Commonpool

Commonpool resources (CPRs) are resources from which it is difficult to exclude potential users and in which one person’s use diminishes availability for others. Examples include fisheries, groundwater basins, forests, grazing lands, irrigation systems, and other shared ecological or infrastructure resources. CPRs require collective management to balance access with conservation over time.

CPRs are typically characterized by non-excludability and subtractability, leading to potential overuse if users act independently. Without appropriate governance, open access can result in depletion or degradation, a problem popularized as the tragedy of the commons. Effective management relies on rules, monitoring, and cooperation to align individual incentives with long-term resource health.

A wide range of governance approaches addresses CPRs, including user associations, community-managed regimes, private property arrangements, and formal state regulation. Elinor Ostrom’s work identified design principles associated with sustainable CPR management, such as clearly defined boundaries, locally crafted rules, inclusive decision-making, ongoing monitoring, graduated sanctions, accessible conflict-resolution mechanisms, recognition of rights to organize, and nested, multi-layer governance for larger resources.

Historically, the debate over CPRs has shaped policy thinking about shared resources and sustainable development. Ostrom’s research demonstrated that well-designed local institutions can often sustain CPRs without relying solely on privatization or centralized control. Today, CPR concepts continue to inform policy and research on fisheries, water basins, forests, and other shared systems, emphasizing the importance of context-specific governance and collective action.