Colorektal

Colorektal refers to the anatomical and clinical domain that includes the colon and the rectum, components of the large intestine. It encompasses the processes of water absorption, fecal formation, and elimination, and covers a range of benign and malignant conditions affecting this tract.

Common colorektal diseases include colorectal cancer, colorectal polyps, diverticular disease, and inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Colorectal cancer often develops from precancerous polyps and remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality when not detected early. Symptoms can include changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, or anemia.

Screening methods include colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, CT colonography, and fecal occult blood testing. Colonoscopy allows visualization and removal of polyps. Guidelines typically recommend starting screening around age 50 for average-risk individuals and continuing at intervals determined by risk factors and local policy.

Treatment depends on diagnosis and stage. Colorectal cancer may require surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted therapies; polyps are removed during colonoscopy; inflammatory bowel disease is managed with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drugs. Preventive measures include a fiber-rich diet, regular physical activity, weight control, avoiding tobacco, and limiting red and processed meat. Regular screening reduces mortality.