Coliseo

The Coliseo, also known as the Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheatre, is an ancient Roman amphitheatre located in the centre of Rome, Italy. It is one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and engineering and remains a symbol of Imperial Rome. In Spanish usage, Coliseo refers to this structure, though the English name Colosseum is also common.

Construction began around AD 70–72 under Emperor Vespasian and was completed in AD 80 under his son Titus, with later modifications. Built on the site of Nero’s former palace, the structure features a exterior of travertine limestone and an interior of concrete faced with brick. The arena measures about 189 by 156 metres and could accommodate an estimated 50,000 to 80,000 spectators.

The design presents an elliptical plan with multiple levels of arches and columns. The arena floor was covered and could be raised to reveal a complex hypogeum of tunnels and cages used to stage wild beasts and elaborate productions. A retractable roof, the velarium, shielded spectators from sun and rain. Seating was organized by social status, from senators to common citizens.

The Colosseum hosted a range of public spectacles, including gladiatorial combats, animal hunts, mock sea battles, and other entertainments sponsored by the emperors for political and social purposes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, its use declined, and the building suffered damage and stone-robber activity over the centuries.

Today it is a major tourist attraction and a UNESCO World Heritage site as part of the Historic Centre of Rome. Restoration and conservation efforts have continued since the 18th century to preserve the monument.

Note: the name Coliseo also designates contemporary arenas in various Spanish-speaking regions; this article concerns the Roman Colosseum.