Colddamage

Colddamage is a general term used to describe tissue injury resulting from exposure to cold temperatures. It encompasses localized injuries such as frostbite and frostnip, as well as systemic cooling known as hypothermia. Colddamage can affect skin, muscles, nerves, and, in severe cases, internal organs.

Frostnip is a mild, reversible freezing of the skin. Frostbite involves actual freezing of tissue and ranges from superficial (skin and subcutaneous tissue) to deep injuries. Hypothermia occurs when core body temperature falls below normal, impairing physiological functions.

The mechanisms include impaired blood flow due to vasoconstriction, formation of ice crystals in cells, dehydration of cells, and metabolic stress. Rewarming is a critical part of treatment since inappropriate handling can worsen tissue damage.

Symptoms vary by condition. Frostnip presents as numbness and pale skin; frostbite shows waxy or bluish skin, numbness, tingling, and possible blistering; deep frostbite may cause nonreversible tissue loss. Hypothermia features shivering (early), confusion, slowed breathing, and decreased consciousness. Diagnosis is largely clinical, supported by temperature measurement and examination.

Prevention includes appropriate clothing, staying dry, limiting exposure, and avoiding alcohol. First aid emphasizes preventing refreezing, gradual rewarming with warm (not hot) water for frostbite, removing wet garments, and seeking medical care for severe frostbite or any signs of hypothermia.