Coccinellidae

Coccinellidae, commonly known as lady beetles or ladybugs, is a family of small to medium-sized beetles in the order Coleoptera. They are widely recognized for their rounded, dome-shaped bodies and often bright coloration, typically on the elytra red, orange, or yellow with dark spots, though patterns vary among species. The family contains thousands of described species distributed worldwide.

Most species are predatory in both larval and adult stages, feeding primarily on aphids and other soft-bodied pests, as well as mites and scale insects. A smaller number feed on fungi, pollen, or plant material. This predatory habit makes many lady beetles important biological control agents in gardens and agricultural systems.

Coccinellidae undergo complete metamorphosis, including egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Eggs are tiny, yellow to orange, and often laid in clusters near prey colonies. Larvae are elongated, sometimes with spines or tubercles, and resemble tiny alligators. Pupation occurs on leaves or other plant surfaces, followed by the emergence of winged adults. Adults may overwinter in sheltered locations and can form large aggregations.

Lady beetles occur worldwide, with many native species and several introduced for pest management. They are generally considered beneficial in integrated pest management, helping to suppress pest populations. Some species, notably Harmonia axyridis, the harlequin or multicolored Asian lady beetle, can become invasive and outcompete native beetles or invade buildings in winter.