Clunioidae

Clunioidae is a superfamily of marine midge flies belonging to the order Diptera. These small, delicate insects are primarily known for their unusual life cycles and specialized habitats. Members of this superfamily are typically found in intertidal zones, inhabiting the splash zones of rocky coastlines and the surface of seaweed. One of the most striking characteristics of Clunioidae is the sexual dimorphism observed in many species. Males are generally winged and capable of flight, actively seeking out females. Females, however, are often apterous or have reduced wings, making them flightless and tied to their specific microhabitats.

The larvae of Clunioidae are aquatic or semi-aquatic and develop in algae or detritus found in the intertidal environment. Their development is often synchronized with tidal cycles and lunar phases, a phenomenon that aids in successful reproduction. Adult emergence and mating can occur during brief periods of low tide, allowing the winged males to find the flightless females. The adults are short-lived and do not feed, focusing solely on reproduction. The family Chironomidae contains the majority of species within the Clunioidea superfamily, with the genus Clunio being the most well-known. Their ecological role is primarily as a food source for other intertidal organisms.