Climatologie

Climatologie, or climatology, is the scientific study of climate, the long-term statistical properties of the atmosphere in a region. It seeks to understand typical patterns of temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity, and other variables, as well as how these patterns vary across seasons, years, and longer timescales. Climatologie differs from meteorology, which emphasizes short-term weather forecasting, by focusing on averages, trends, and variability rather than daily forecasts.

Researchers use multiple data sources and methods: instrumental records from weather stations, ships, and buoys; satellite observations; and reanalysis products that blend observations with models. Paleoclimatology reconstructs past climates from proxies such as tree rings, ice cores, corals, and sediment layers. Climate models—from simple energy balance models to comprehensive general circulation models—simulate climate responses to natural and human forcings, while downscaling methods translate large-scale results to regional scales.

Subfields include historical climatology, paleo-climatology, climate dynamics, and climate variability and extremes. Regional climatology examines climate behavior in specific areas, while climate services translate scientific results into forecasts, risk assessments, and decision support for adaptation and policy.

Applications span water resource planning, agriculture, infrastructure design, disaster risk management, and climate-policy development. Climatology thus informs projections of future climate, the assessment of potential impacts, and strategies to mitigate vulnerability and adapt to changing conditions.

Climatology has roots in meteorology and geography dating to the 19th and 20th centuries. It is supported by international bodies such as the World Meteorological Organization and is central to assessments of climate change conducted by the IPCC, which synthesize current knowledge for scientists, policymakers, and the public.