Cesareans

Cesarean section, commonly called a C-section, is a surgical method of delivering a baby through incisions in the mother's abdomen and uterus. It is performed when vaginal delivery would threaten the health of the mother or baby or when a rapid delivery is necessary. The procedure is a standard component of modern obstetric care and is chosen for specific clinical reasons.

Indications include obstructed labor, fetal distress, abnormal fetal position, placenta problems such as placenta previa or placenta accreta, multiple pregnancies, prior uterine surgery with risk of rupture, and certain maternal health conditions. Cesareans can be planned (elective) or performed as emergencies when deterioration occurs during labor. The most common surgical approach is a lower transverse incision, though a vertical incision may be used in certain situations.

During the operation, regional anesthesia such as spinal or epidural is typically used; general anesthesia is reserved for certain cases. A small opening is made in the lower abdomen, the uterus is opened, and the baby is delivered. The placenta is removed, and the uterus and abdomen are closed with sutures. Recovery depends on several factors, including the reason for surgery and any complications.

Potential risks include infection, significant blood loss, injury to the bladder or bowel, blood clots, and anesthesia complications for the mother; the baby may experience transient breathing problems. Recovery generally takes longer than with vaginal birth, with restrictions on activity for several weeks. A prior cesarean increases the likelihood of uterine rupture in subsequent pregnancies and may complicate future deliveries; many people are candidates for vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) under appropriate conditions.