Cayes

Cayes are small, low-lying islands that form on the surface of coral reefs. Typically sandy or shelly, they may be sparsely vegetated with grasses, shrubs, or coconut palms. The term cay (plural cayes) is used in parts of the Caribbean and western Atlantic and is closely related to terms such as key or islet.

Formation and characteristics

Cayes arise from the accumulation of coral rubble, sand, and organic debris on reef flats or atop atoll systems. Wave action, currents, and sea-level fluctuations can elevate these accumulations above the surrounding water, creating a discrete landmass. Many cayes are just a few hectares in size and rise only a few meters above sea level, making them highly sensitive to erosion and storm surge. They often support limited vegetation and, where inhabited, small-scale human activity such as tourism infrastructure, fishing, or salt harvesting.

Distribution and examples

Cayes are common in the Caribbean Sea, the Bahamas, and along the western Atlantic, where coral reef ecosystems are extensive. In Belize, for example, the barrier reef and offshore banks host numerous cayes such as Ambergris Caye and Caye Caulker. The Bahamas consists of a vast field of cayes and related islets, while in the United States, the Florida Keys are a chain of coral- and limestone-derived islands that function similarly to cayes. The term is also used in various local languages to name islands and groups of small islets.

Ecology and human use

Many cayes remain uninhabited and serve as important habitats for seabirds, reptiles, and coastal vegetation. Others host small communities or resort developments. Protection and management efforts often focus on preserving reef health, preventing erosion, and mitigating climate-related impacts such as sea-level rise and stronger storms. Contested or degraded cayes may be subject to conservation designations or integrated coastal zone planning.